Proline (l-proline): properties, side effects, and benefits

Proline is an endogenous protein amino acid that supports collagen production, wound healing and joints.

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Ludwik Jelonek is the author of more than 2,500 texts published on leading portals. His content has found its way into services such as Ostrovit and Kobieta Onet. At Natu.Care, Ludwik educates people in the most important area of life - health.

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Master of Pharmacy

Ilona Krzak obtained her Master of Pharmacy degree from the Medical University of Wrocław. She did her internship in a hospital pharmacy and in the pharmaceutical industry. She is currently working in the profession and also runs an educational profile on Instagram: @pani_z_apteki

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Proline (l-proline): properties, side effects, and benefits
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Proline is such a percussionist in the world of amino acids. He's always in the shadow of the rest of the band, but without him all the music falls apart. Similarly, your body would fall apart if it ran out of proline.

That is why, together with a doctor of medicine, a master's degree in pharmacy and a clinical nutritionist I will give you the most important information about it.

From this article you will learn:

  • What is proline, L-proline and D-proline.
  • What properties it has and what it does for you.
  • What it does for you.
  • In which products you will find proline.
  • What are the symptoms of deficiency and excess of this ingredient.
  • What are contraindications and side effects with proline supplementation.
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What is proline?

Proline is an endogenous amino acid protein - the body can produce it itself. It is mainly produced from glutamic acid (commonly found in animal organisms). Proline is one of the most important protein amino acidsand.

His unique structure allows the formation of proteins with specific structures - with turns and loops. These unusual structures are essential for the proteins to function properly and stabilise their tertiary structure (i.e. shape).

Proline is involved in processes such as protein synthesis, immune regulation and tissue development. Like lysine, it is also essential for the production of collagen, the richest protein in the human body, highlighting its importance for skin, joint and bone healthand.

What formula does proline have?

Proline has the formula C5H9NO2. It is characterised by its unique structure and is a key component of collagen. In addition, its specific structure allows it to give unique shapes to protein structures, influencing their stability and function.

Proline is a key component of collagen.

Proline, L-proline and D-proline - what are the differences?

Amino acids, such as proline, can exist in two spatial forms, super scientifically speaking, they are chiral. In the case of proline, a distinction is made between: L-proline and D-proline.

L-proline

L-proline is one of the two forms of proline. It is biologically active and occurs naturally in the body. L-proline is a type of proline that is used in the production of proteins, including the key protein for health - collagen.

In short, L-proline is an actively biological variant of proline. It is the one that plays key structural and functional roles in the human body.

D-proline

D-proline is the second form of proline, less common and biologically less active than L-proline. D-proline occurs naturally in some micro-organisms, such as bacteria, where it is involved in some specific biochemical processes.

In humans, the role of D-proline is significantly limited. Most human enzymes are unable to metabolise it. Nevertheless, human organisms have the ability to convert a certain amount of D-proline to L-proline by means of appropriate enzymes.

Human organisms have the ability to convert a certain amount of D-proline to L-proline by means of appropriate enzymes.

D-proline is not common, nor is it actively used in human metabolism.

As a rule, it is the amino acids with the 'L' configuration that are present in the body and show biological activity.
Ilona Krzak

Ilona Krzak Master of Pharmacy

What about hydroxyproline?

Hydroxyproline is a derivative of the amino acid proline, whose unique properties are due to an additional hydroxyl group.

The most important role of hydroxyproline is its role in collagen, which consists of three polypeptide chains that twist inwards and outwards.

Hydroxyproline helps stabilise this complex structure by forming water bridges, increasing the stability and strength of the entire collagen protein.

In order to synthesise hydroxyproline, it is necessary vitamin C. Any disruption in obtaining hydroxyproline may result in inhibition of further steps in collagen biosynthesis.
Ilona Krzak

Ilona Krzak Master of Pharmacy

What properties does proline have?

Responsible for protein structure

Proline is an unusual amino acid that plays a special role in protein structure. It is often found where the protein chain makes a turn, forming twists and loops. This property comes from the unique structure of proline and is crucial to the three-dimensional structure of proteins.

Proline also gives proteins rigidity, helping them to hold their shape. Not only does it affect the structure of proteins, but it also plays a vital role in cell signalling - the process by which cells communicate with each other.

Proline is a key contributor to the structure of proteins.

Responsible for collagen production

Proline is one of the key amino acids in the body's collagen production process. Its key functions include:

  • Peptide chain formation. Proline is essential for the formation of the basic structure of collagen - the triple helix. This amino acid is part of the peptide chain of collagen and influences the stability and structure of this helix.
  • Hydroxylation. In the process of hydroxylation, enzymes modify certain proline molecules, converting them into hydroxyproline. This process is important for the stability of the collagen structure.
  • Collagen resynthesis. Proline is also a key component in collagen resynthesis. Collagen resynthesis is a process that enables the body to repair and regenerate connective tissue.

Influences the wound healing process

Proline is also involved in the wound healing process. It has several important functions that affect tissue reconstruction and regeneration. The most important of these include:

  • Collagen formation. The wound healing process depends largely on collagen, and proline is one of the main components of this protein. Collagen forms the structure that supports the new tissue during healing.
  • Regulation of apoptosis; Proline may also play a role in regulating apoptosis (programmed cell death), which is essential for removing damaged cells and replacing them with new ones during the healing process.
  • Angiogenesis and cell migration. The process by which new blood vessels are formed from existing ones is called angiogenesis. Proline can be associated with angiogenesis, which is crucial during the wound healing process. In addition, this amino acid may promote migration - the process by which cells move to where they are most needed, which is key in wound healing.
  • Fighting inflammation. The inflammatory process is a normal part of wound healing. Yet an excess of it can lead to continued damage. Proline may play a role in modulating the immune response and reducing inflammation.

Helps joints

Proline may help people with joint pain and reduce the likelihood of joint-related diseases.

  • Builds collagen. Proline is a key component in building collagen protein, which is essential in the formation of connective tissues that are important for joint health. This protects joints from wear and degenerative changes that can lead to ailments such as arthrosisand.
  • Regenerates joint tissues. Proline is essential for regenerative processes, helping to repair damaged joint tissues and produce new, healthy cellsand.
  • Prevents inflammationand.
  • By supporting the immune system, proline can help reduce chronic inflammation, which is often the cause of joint problemsand.

Promotes heart health

Proline is crucial for heart health. One of the main areas where it shows its positive effects is in the regulation of blood pressure .

It is essential for the production of collagen in the body, and it affects the elasticity and strength of blood vessel walls. Healthy blood vessels are more resistant to increased blood pressure, which minimises the risk of cardiovascular disease .

Healthy vascular walls also mean a lower risk of aneurysms.
Ilona Krzak

Ilona Krzak Master of Pharmacy

What about cholesterol?

Proline also has a positive effect on cholesterol control. It is a component of lipoproteins - the key molecules that transport fats in the body. When proline levels are normal, the process of transporting lipids (including cholesterol) is more efficient, helping to maintain healthy blood cholesterol levelsand.

Also, proline indirectly reduces oxidative stress by supporting glutathione production. Glutathione is one of the main antioxidants that helps protect the body from free radical damageand.

What is best for your skin?

If you don't want to opt for a standard collagen supplement (e.g. because of a vegan diet), you can bet on supplements that will support the production of the protein of youth. The best of these are supplements like proline+lysine+vitamin C. These are some of the most important ingredients for collagen production in the bodyand.

Proline supplementation reduces degradation of collagen fibers.

Ilona Krzak

Ilona Krzak Master of Pharmacy

Does proline help with depression?

Some studies suggest links between amino acid metabolism (including proline) and certain psychiatric disorders, but these links are not yet fully understood and require further research.

Proline - uses

  • Dietary supplements. Proline is often added to dietary supplements as an essential amino acid for optimal body developmentand.
  • CosmeticsProline is used in cosmetology and skin care products. It is used in masks, face creams, lotions, etc.and.
  • Agriculture. Proline is used in agriculture, particularly to make plants more resistant to external factors such as droughtand.

Where proline occurs - sources in food

Proline in food can allow you to maintain adequate concentrations of this amino acid. A healthy diet is essential for the body's health. Where can you find proline in food?

Type

.

Productsand

Meat and poultry

.

Beef, lamb, chicken

meat and poultry

meat.

Fish

Tuna, salmon, cod

Tuna.

Milk and milk products

  Milk, cheeses, yoghurts

 

Nuts and seeds

Nuts, pumpkin seeds, sesame

 

Nuts, pumpkin seeds, sesame

Vegetables and fruit

 

broccoli, asparagus, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, bananas

It is worth remembering that a balanced diet usually provides sufficient proline and supplementation is unnecessary. The exception to this is other recommendations from a doctor or dietician.

Proline supplied by the diet protects the retina from degeneration caused by oxidative damage in the pigment epithelium.
Ilona Krzak.

Ilona Krzak Master of Pharmacy

Proline deficiency

Proline deficiency is not a very common phenomenon, so there is a lack of research on the subject. Nevertheless, there are some situations in which it can occur.

Proline deficiency is a common occurrence.

Cause of proline deficiencyand:

  • Hereditary disorders of proline metabolism. These are rare genetic cases that render the body unable to metabolise proline properly. In extreme cases, this can lead to neurological problems, including developmental delays.
  • Nutrition. People who do not get enough protein in their diet can suffer from proline deficiency.
  • Absorption-limiting diseases. Gastrointestinal diseases or problems with the liver can interfere with the body's ability to absorb proline from food.
About 60% of the proline provided by the diet reaches the plasma - half of this is taken up by the liver and the rest goes to the other organs.
Ilona Krzak

Ilona Krzak Master of Pharmacy

Symptoms of proline deficiency

Symptoms of proline deficiency are difficult to identify, as they are often combined with general protein deficiency or malabsorption associated with other health conditions.

Because proline is responsible for collagen production, a deficiency of this amino acid could theoretically affect skin, hair or joint health. But this is only a theory, as the specific symptoms of proline deficiency are not precisely identified.

Perhaps in the case of a hereditary disorder, proline deficiency could have an impact on collagen production.

In cases of inherited disorders of proline metabolism, the following symptoms may occurand:

  • developmental delays,
  • neurological disorders,
  • convulsions,

Note, most often these symptoms are rare and usually associated with serious metabolic disorders. Any deficiency, including proline, should not be diagnosed by yourself. If you are concerned about nutritional deficiencies, the best course of action is to contact your doctor or a nutritionist.

In the case of a proline deficiency, the body begins to break down collagen to obtain it from this protein.
Ilona Krzak

Ilona Krzak Master of Pharmacy

See also:

 

Proline excess - symptoms and effects

Under normal conditions, proline is converted in an appropriate manner so that it does not accumulate in excess. However, abnormalities in its metabolism can lead to too much of this amino acid in the body, resulting in a rare genetic condition known as hyperprolinaemiaand.

Hyperprolinaemia is a metabolic disorder. There are two types of it: hyperprolinaemia type I and type II.

  • Hyperprolinaemia type I - is usually asymptomatic, although some individuals may experience mild neurological problems. People with this condition have approx. 3-10 times more proline in the body than healthyand.
  • Hyperprolinaemia type II - is more severe than type I and can lead to mental development problems, seizures, uncontrolled movements (hyperkinesis) and behavioural problems. In this case, proline concentrations can be up to 10-15 times higher than standardand.

Each form of hyperprolinaemia results from a mutation in a specific gene pair. Both forms are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that both copies of the gene must have mutations for the disease to develop.

What is the treatment for proline hyperplasia?

The treatment of hyperprolinaemia, like other amino acid metabolic disorders, usually consists of a specialised diet and symptomatic treatment. It should be tailored individually to the patient's situation. If the excess proline is caused by a specific disease or condition, the most important goal is to treat this underlying problem.

Important

Hyperprolinaemia can also occur in other conditions, such as malnutrition or liver disease. In particular, people struggling with elevated levels of lactic acid in the blood (lactic acidosis) may have hyperprolinaemia because lactic acid stops (inhibits) the breakdown of proline.

Increased plasma proline levels are seen in patients with type 2 diabetes, obesity or insulin resistance.
Ilona Krzak

Ilona Krzak Master of Pharmacy

Do I have to take proline supplements?

Most often, proline supplementation is unnecessary - the amino acid is naturally produced by the body. However, if your specialist has recommended that you take proline supplements, it's better not to ignore it.

Proline supplementation may be important during the reproductive period to improve fertility.
Ilona Krzak

Ilona Krzak Master of Pharmacy

Is there proline in the form of a medicine?

No, there is no proline in drug form. All the preparations you can buy, even at a pharmacy, are dietary supplements. The price of these products is usually a few tens of zlotys.

The price of these products is usually a few tens of zlotys.

Collagen preparations you can choose instead of proline

The main function of proline is to support the production of collagen. Presumably that's what you want - collagen support for skin, hair, nails and joints. So maybe it would be simpler to take just collagen? Here's a list of the 10 best collagen supplements on the market.

Natu.Care editor's choiceOur product
Best overall

Natu.Care Premium collagen 10 000 mg, mango-maracuja

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Natu.Care Premium collagen 10 000 mg, mango-maracuja
  • Collagen content: 10,000 mg marine collagen hydrolysate
  • Additional active ingredients: vitamin C, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (and L-theanine and coenzyme Q10 in cocoa flavoured collagen or vitamin A and vitamin E in mango–passion fruit flavoured collagen)
  • Form: powder sachets
  • Dose: 1 sachet per day
  • Sufficient for: 30 days
See price
Over 100,000 happy customers
Product description

One of the strongest collagens on the market, whichós provides as much as 10,000 mg in a daily serving. This allows the formula to effectively support the condition of the skin, hair and nails. 

With this supplement, you will support your beauty, which will allow you to visually stop the ageing process and feel a second youth!

Natu.Care Collagen Premium 10 000 mg comes in two flavours – cherry and mango-maracuja. Both formulas have the same product backbone – collagen, hyaluronic acid and vitamin C. 

In the cherry version you additionally find glucosamine, chondroitin and Indian frankincense resin extract. Mango-maracuja, on the other hand, contains vitamin E and vitamin A.

Pros and cons

Pros:

  • Tested collagen formula – SeaGarden, whose effects have been confirmed in clinical studies.
  • Effective dose of hyaluronic acid, additionally moisturizing the skin and positively impacting joint health.
  • Vitamin C supports the body’s natural collagen production.
  • The composition has been tested by the independent and accredited J.S. Hamilton laboratory.
  • The product has an MSC (Marine Stewardship Council) quality certification – the collagen source supports sustainable fishing practices.

Cons:

  • None.
Additional information

Users praise Natu.Care Collagen Premium for the easy dissolvability of the powder.

User review

I noticed a significant improvement in my skin texture after a few weeks of taking collagen regularly. My complexion is now as soft as velvet!

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Branded raw material Seagarden®, pure composition

Natu.Care Premium Collagen Shot 10000 mg

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Natu.Care Premium Collagen Shot 10000 mg
  • Collagen content: as much as 10,000 mg of hydrolysed branded marine collagen Seagarden®
  • Additional active ingredients: vitamin C 80mg, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid 60mg, vitamin E 12mg, biotin 2500 µg.
  • Form: bottles with liquid for drinking
  • Portion: 1 bottle
  • Sufficient for: 15 days
  • Taste: delicious, tart-sweet forest fruits, without a fishy aftertaste
Check Price
Over 100,000 happy customers
Product Description

Fish collagen from the brand Natu.Care Seagarden® in a dose of 10,000 mg, based on certified high-quality ingredients whose effects are clinically proven. Sourced from wild Atlantic cod, free from dioxins and heavy metals. 

Regular supplementation will positively impact the appearance of skin, hair, and nails – they will be rebuilt and strengthened from within. In addition to valuable collagen for health and beauty, it also offers other active ingredients that help maintain a youthful appearance of the skin, shiny hair, and strong nails.

The preparation contains a sufficient portion of active substance to positively affect joints, the musculoskeletal system, and immunity.

Natu.Care Premium Collagen has a delicious forest fruit flavour and its formula is based on the following active ingredients: hydrolysed marine collagen Seagarden®, extract from wild rose buds, and hyaluronic acid. Additionally, the product contains vitamin C, vitamin E, hyaluronic acid, and biotin for even better effects. 

Pros and Cons

Pros:

  • Contains branded raw material Seagarden® from wild deep-sea cod caught from the clean waters of the Barents Sea. The action of collagen Seagarden® is clinically proven. The raw material has FSSC 22000 certification, MSC quality certification (supports sustainable fishing), Responsible Sourcing Audit programme (ethical catches), as well as kosher and Halal certifications. 
  • The product composition has been tested by an independent and accredited laboratory J.S. Hamilton.
  • Hydrolysed collagen type I with optimal molecular weight - 3 kDa ensuring absorbability
  • Additives: vitamin C aids in collagen synthesis, hyaluronic acid supports skin hydration and joint health, vitamin E additionally cares for skin health, and biotin  improves elasticity, regeneration, and strengthens the structure of skin and hair.
  • Delicious forest fruit flavour (without a fishy aftertaste) 
  • Production takes place in a GMP-certified facility (food production standard). 

Cons:

  • None.
Natu.Care editor's choiceOur product
Best for joints

Natu.Care Collagen Premium 10000 mg, cherry

5.0
Natu.Care Collagen Premium 10000 mg, cherry
  • Collagen content: 10,000 mg of hydrolyzed bovine collagen
  • Additional active ingredients: vitamin C, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid, glucosamine, chondroitin, extract of Indian frankincense resin (boswellia serrata)
  • Form: powder sachets for drinking
  • Serving: 1 sachet per day
  • Lasts for: 30 days
See price
Over 100,000 happy customers
Product description

One of the strongest collagens on the market, providing as much as 10,000 mg per daily serving. This product can effectively support the condition of joints, skin, hair, and nails.

With this supplement, you will support your skeletal and joint system as well as your beauty, helping you visually halt the aging process and feel rejuvenated!

Pros and cons

Pros:

  • The daily portion of collagen is very large – as much as 10,000 mg.
  • Proven collagen formula – COLLinstant, whose effectiveness has been confirmed in clinical studies.
  • Effective dose of hyaluronic acid, which additionally moisturizes the skin and positively affects joint health.
  • Vitamin C supports the body's natural collagen production.
  • Glucosamine is a fundamental building block of compounds found in joint cartilage and a component of collagen that gives elasticity to connective tissue in tendons.
  • Chondroitin is a natural component found in the human body, mainly in cartilage. This large molecule (mucopolysaccharide) has the ability to absorb water, which helps maintain the elasticity and resilience of cartilage.
  • Frankincense resin extract supports blood circulation and joint mobility and reduces their stiffness. It may help alleviate inflammatory conditions.
  • The composition has been tested by the independent and accredited J.S. Hamilton laboratory.

Cons:

  • None.
Additional information

Users praise Natu.Care Collagen Premium for the easy dissolving of the powder.

Natu.Care editor's choiceOur product
Best overall

Natu.Care Collagen Premium 5000 mg, mango-maracuja

5.0
Natu.Care Collagen Premium 5000 mg, mango-maracuja
  • Collagen content: 5000 mg marine collagen hydrolysate
  • .
  • Additional active ingredients: vitamin C, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (and L-theanine and coenzyme Q10 in cocoa flavoured collagen or vitamin A and vitamin E in mango–passion fruit flavoured collagen)
  • .
  • Form: powder sachets
  • .
  • Dose: 1 sachet per day
  • .
  • Sufficient for: 30 days
  • .
See price
Over 100,000 happy customers
Product description

Fish collagen from the Natu.Care brand in a dose of 5000 mg. The formula contains a sufficient portion of the active substance to positively affect your joints, musculoskeletal system and immunity.

Take care of your tendons, joint cartilage, ligaments, muscles and even bones by supplying them with the building blocks to function properly. Move without bólu and provide the necessary support for any physical activity.

And as a „gratis” to regular supplementation, you will also receive firm skinóhand, healthy and shiny hair and strong nails.

Natu.Care Premium Collagen is available in two flavours – Cacao Bloom and Rise&Shine. Both formulas are based on the following active ingredients: marine collagen hydrolysate, wild roseóbud extract and hyaluronic acid.

Additionally, Cacao Bloom contains natural L-theanine, coenzyme Q10 and defatted Dutch cacao. Rise&Shine instead contains vitamin E and vitamin A.

These are the best collagens in the world.

These best fish collagens on the market also rós taste – Cacao Bloom is a treat for chocolate lovers. Rise&Shine will appeal to those whoóenjoy the refreshing taste of mangoófruit and passion fruit.

Pros and cons

Fish collagen from the Natu.Care brand in a dose of 5000 mg. The formula contains a sufficient portion of the active substance to positively affect your joints, musculoskeletal system and immunity.

Take care of your tendons, joint cartilage, ligaments, muscles and even bones by supplying them with the building blocks to function properly. Move without bólu and provide the necessary support for any physical activity.

And as a „gratis” to regular supplementation, you will also receive firm skinóhand, healthy and shiny hair and strong nails.

Natu.Care Premium Collagen is available in two flavours – Cacao Bloom and Rise&Shine. Both formulas are based on the following active ingredients: marine collagen hydrolysate, wild roseóbud extract and hyaluronic acid.

Additionally, Cacao Bloom contains natural L-theanine, coenzyme Q10 and defatted Dutch cacao. Rise&Shine instead contains vitamin E and vitamin A.

These are the best collagens in the world.

These best fish collagens on the market also rós taste – Cacao Bloom is a treat for chocolate lovers. Rise&Shine will appeal to those whoóenjoy the refreshing taste of mangoófruit and passion fruit.

Additional information

Fish collagen from the Natu.Care brand in a dose of 5000 mg. The formula contains a sufficient portion of the active substance to positively affect your joints, musculoskeletal system and immunity.

Take care of your tendons, joint cartilage, ligaments, muscles and even bones by supplying them with the building blocks to function properly. Move without bólu and provide the necessary support for any physical activity.

And as a „gratis” to regular supplementation, you will also receive firm skinóhand, healthy and shiny hair and strong nails.

Natu.Care Premium Collagen is available in two flavours – Cacao Bloom and Rise&Shine. Both formulas are based on the following active ingredients: marine collagen hydrolysate, wild roseóbud extract and hyaluronic acid.

Additionally, Cacao Bloom contains natural L-theanine, coenzyme Q10 and defatted Dutch cacao. Rise&Shine instead contains vitamin E and vitamin A.

These are the best collagens in the world.

These best fish collagens on the market also rós taste – Cacao Bloom is a treat for chocolate lovers. Rise&Shine will appeal to those whoóenjoy the refreshing taste of mangoófruit and passion fruit.

User review

Fish collagen from the Natu.Care brand in a dose of 5000 mg. The formula contains a sufficient portion of the active substance to positively affect your joints, musculoskeletal system and immunity.

Take care of your tendons, joint cartilage, ligaments, muscles and even bones by supplying them with the building blocks to function properly. Move without bólu and provide the necessary support for any physical activity.

And as a „gratis” to regular supplementation, you will also receive firm skinóhand, healthy and shiny hair and strong nails.

Natu.Care Premium Collagen is available in two flavours – Cacao Bloom and Rise&Shine. Both formulas are based on the following active ingredients: marine collagen hydrolysate, wild roseóbud extract and hyaluronic acid.

Additionally, Cacao Bloom contains natural L-theanine, coenzyme Q10 and defatted Dutch cacao. Rise&Shine instead contains vitamin E and vitamin A.

These are the best collagens in the world.

These best fish collagens on the market also rós taste – Cacao Bloom is a treat for chocolate lovers. Rise&Shine will appeal to those whoóenjoy the refreshing taste of mangoófruit and passion fruit.

Natu.Care editor's choiceOur product
Peptan® F

Natu.Care Premium Collagen 5000 mg, natural

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Natu.Care Premium Collagen 5000 mg, natural
  • Collagen content: 5000 mg of marine collagen hydrolysate Peptan® F
  • Form: sachets with powder for drinking
  • Serving: 1 sachet daily
  • Sufficient for: 30 days
  • Available in  five flavours: natural, mango-passion fruit, blackberry, strawberry-rhubarb, cocoa or a mix of flavours
Check Price
Over 100,000 happy customers
Product Description

Premium Collagen 5000 mg by Natu.Care is pure hydrolysed fish collagen Peptan® F — a branded raw material of the highest quality, sourced from white fish, free from heavy metals and dioxins. This is type I collagen, identical to that which naturally occurs in the human body, responsible for the elasticity, firmness, and regeneration of the skin.

Regular supplementation supports a healthy appearance of skin, hair, and nails, and positively affects joints, bones, and overall body condition. Clinical studies confirm the effectiveness of Peptan® F — it improves skin elasticity by 19%, increases hydration by 12%, and reduces the number of micro-wrinkles by 26%.

The formula contains as many as 18 amino acids, including glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline — key for the structure of connective tissue. Collagen in this form features a low molecular weight (2000 Da), ensuring high bioavailability. The product is free from gluten, lactose, and GMOs, and its neutral taste makes it easy to add to coffee, tea, porridge, smoothies, or yogurt.

Each sachet contains 5000 mg of bioactive collagen, only 19 kcal, and no unnecessary additives. It is a convenient and effective way to care for beauty from the inside out.

Pros and Cons

Pros:

  • Contains branded raw material Peptan® F — one of the most clinically studied fish collagens in the world.
  • Clinically proven effectiveness: +19% skin elasticity, +12% hydration, -26% fewer micro-wrinkles, +9% skin density, -31% fewer collagen fibre damages.
  • Type I collagen — identical to that which naturally occurs in the human body.
  • Low molecular weight (2000 Da) → high bioavailability.
  • Contains as many as 18 amino acids, including glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline — key for the regeneration of connective tissue.
  • Neutral taste — easy to add to coffee, tea, smoothies, porridge, or soup.
  • Only 19 kcal in one sachet.
  • Gluten-free, lactose-free, and GMO-free. Excellent solubility, without a fishy aftertaste.
  • Composition tested by an independent laboratory J.S. Hamilton. Production process certified by GMP (food safety).

Cons:

  • None
Natu.Care editor's choiceOur product
Delicious fruity flavour

Natu.Care Premium Collagen 5000 mg, strawberry-rhubarb

5.0
Natu.Care Premium Collagen 5000 mg, strawberry-rhubarb
  • Collagen content: 5000 mg marine collagen hydrolysate
  • Additional active ingredients: vitamin C, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (as well as L-theanine and coenzyme Q10 in cocoa-flavoured collagen or vitamin A and vitamin E in mango-passion fruit, blackberry, strawberry-rhubarb flavoured collagen)
  • Form: sachets with powder for drinking
  • Portion: 1 sachet daily
  • Sufficient for: 30 days
  • Available in  four flavours: mango, blackberry, strawberry-rhubarb, cocoa or a mix of flavours
Check Price
Over 100,000 happy customers
Product Description

Fish collagen from Natu.Care Seagarden in doses of 5000 mg or 10,000 mg, based on certified ingredients of the highest quality. Regular supplementation will positively impact the appearance of skin, hair, and nails – they will be rebuilt and strengthened from within.

In addition to the valuable collagen for health and beauty, it also offers other active ingredients that help maintain a youthful appearance of the skin, shiny hair, and strong nails.

The preparation contains a sufficient amount of active substance to positively affect joints, the musculoskeletal system, and immunity.

Natu.Care Premium collagen is available in four flavours: mango-passion fruit, blackberry, strawberry-rhubarb, and cocoa. All formulas are based on the following active ingredients: hydrolysed marine collagen, extract from wild rose buds, and hyaluronic acid.

Additionally, the cocoa collagen contains natural L-theanine, coenzyme Q10, and Dutch cocoa powder. The fruity flavours contain vitamin E and vitamin A.

These top fish collagens on the market also differ in taste – cocoa is a treat for chocolate lovers. Others will appeal to those who enjoy the refreshing taste of fruits. 

Pros and Cons

Pros:

  • Contains branded raw material Seagarden® from wild deep-sea cod caught from the clean waters of the Barents Sea. The action of collagen Seagarden® is clinically proven. The raw material has FSSC 22000 Certification, MSC quality certification (supports sustainable fishing), Responsible Sourcing Audit (ethical catches), and kosher and Halal certifications. 
  • The product's composition has been tested by an independent and accredited laboratory J.S. Hamilton.
  • Hydrolysed collagen type I with optimal molecular weight - 3 kDa ensuring absorption
  • Additives: vitamin C aids in collagen synthesis, hyaluronic acid supports skin hydration and joint health, vitamins A and E additionally care for skin health, coenzyme Q10 (cocoa flavour) has antioxidant properties. 
  • Choice of four delicious flavours (no fish aftertaste): mango-passion fruit, blackberry, strawberry-rhubarb, and cocoa or mix of flavours
  • Production takes place in a GMP-certified facility (food production standard). 

Cons:

  • None.
Additional Information

Fish collagen from Natu.Care is praised for being delicious. You won't find the fishy aftertaste that often comes through in other collagens. And you have two delicious flavours to choose from: mango–passion fruit, blackberry, strawberry-rhubarb, and cocoa.

Active ingredients such as coenzyme Q10, hyaluronic acid, and natural L-theanine have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects and delay the aging process.

User Review
I have been using collagen for 3 months and I am delighted with the results, my skin is radiant and hydrated, my nails and hair are growing faster, and on top of that, it tastes great!

Aleksandra K. customer of Natu.Care

The best I have ever had. I have found the one. I have been using it for 8 months. Visible improvement in the condition of my hair and skin, and I won't switch to another. This is my favourite.

Monika M. customer of Natu.Care

Natu.Care editor's choiceOur product

Natu.Care Collagen Glow Bar, toffee-flavoured bar

5.0
Natu.Care Collagen Glow Bar, toffee-flavoured bar

Collagen content: 2.4 g of branded, hydrolysed fish collagen Seagarden® 

Additional active ingredients:

  • 18.8 g of protein (WPC80 concentrate + calcium caseinate + soy crisps)
  • 2.84 g of fibre (polydextrose)
  • Sweetened with xylitol and maltitol – 0 g added sugar
  • Natural additives: sugar-free milk chocolate, peanuts, natural flavours

Form: Functional protein-collagen bar with toffee flavour; serving: 1 piece / 40 g (also available in a box of 12 pieces)

 

Check Price
Over 100,000 happy customers
Product Description

Functional protein-collagen bar with a creamy toffee flavour, created as a quick snack that both satisfies and supports the skin thanks to bioactive collagen Seagarden®.

 

Pros and Cons

Pros:

  • High portion of protein and collagen in one bar

  • Zero added sugar, low glycemic index

  • Convenient format – fits in a bag, backpack, or on a desk

Cons:

  • None

 

Natu.Care editor's choiceOur product
Refreshing taste

Natu.Care Premium Collagen 5000 mg, blackberry

5.0
Natu.Care Premium Collagen 5000 mg, blackberry
  • Collagen content: 5000 mg of hydrolysed marine collagen
  • Additional active ingredients: vitamin C, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (as well as L-theanine and coenzyme Q10 in collagen with cocoa flavour or vitamin A and vitamin E in collagen with mango-passionfruit, blackberry, strawberry-rhubarb)
  • Form: sachets with powder for drinking
  • Portion: 1 sachet daily
  • Sufficient for: 30 days
  • Available in  four flavours: mango, blackberry, strawberry-rhubarb, cocoa or mix of flavours
Check Price
Over 100,000 happy customers
Product Description

Fish collagen from the brand Natu.Care Seagarden in doses of 5000 mg or 10,000 mg, based on certified high-quality ingredients. Regular supplementation will positively impact the appearance of skin, hair, and nails – they will be rebuilt and strengthened from within.

In addition to valuable collagen for health and beauty, it also offers other active ingredients that help maintain a youthful appearance of the skin, shiny hair, and strong nails.

The preparation contains a sufficient portion of active substance to positively affect joints, the musculoskeletal system, and immunity.

Natu.Care Premium Collagen is available in four flavours: mango-passion fruit, blackberry, strawberry-rhubarb, and cocoa. All formulas are based on the following active ingredients: hydrolysed marine collagen, extract from wild rose buds, and hyaluronic acid.

Additionally, the cocoa collagen contains natural L-theanine, coenzyme Q10, and Dutch-processed cocoa. The fruit flavours contain vitamin E and vitamin A.

These top fish collagens on the market also differ in taste – cocoa is a treat for chocolate lovers. Others will appeal to those who enjoy the refreshing taste of fruits. 

Pros and Cons

Pros:

  • Contains branded raw material Seagarden® from wild deep-sea cod caught from the clean waters of the Barents Sea. The action of collagen Seagarden® is clinically proven. The raw material has FSSC 22000 certification, MSC quality certification (supports sustainable fishing), Responsible Sourcing Audit programme (ethical catches), as well as kosher and Halal certifications. 
  • The product composition has been tested by an independent and accredited laboratory J.S. Hamilton.
  • Hydrolysed collagen type I with optimal molecular weight - 3 kDa ensuring absorbability
  • Additives: vitamin C helps in collagen synthesis, hyaluronic acid supports skin hydration and joint health, vitamins A and E additionally care for skin health, coenzyme Q10 (cocoa flavour) has antioxidant properties. 
  • Choice of four delicious flavours (without a fishy aftertaste): mango-passion fruit, blackberry, strawberry-rhubarb, and cocoa or flavour mix
  • Production takes place in a GMP-certified facility (food production standard). 

Cons:

  • None.
Additional Information

Fish collagen from Natu.Care is praised for being delicious. You won't find a fishy taste here, which often comes through in other collagens. And you have two delicious flavours to choose from: mango–passion fruit, blackberry, strawberry-rhubarb, and cocoa.

Active ingredients such as coenzyme Q10, hyaluronic acid, or natural L-theanine have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects and delay the aging process.

User Review
It reminds me of childhood with its scent, I feel nostalgic :) After 2 packs of collagen from Natu, my facial inflammations have calmed down, and the "rash" has completely disappeared. I recommend!

Kuba K. customer of Natu.Care

Super flavour surprise, no artificial sweetness that I detected in the mango-passion fruit collagen. I have already recommended collagen to 4 other people, all of whom decided to subscribe :) I see a smoothing of wrinkles, especially on my forehead, and better-hydrated skin.

Kinga D. customer of Natu.Care

ALLDEYNN Collarose Fish

4.7
ALLDEYNN Collarose Fish
  • Collagen content: 5000 mg hydrolysate fish collagen VERISOL F®
  • .
  • Additional active ingredients: vitamin Chyaluronic acidbiotin
  • Form: powder to dissolve in water
  • .
  • Dose: one scoop (6 g) of powder daily
  • .
  • Sufficient for: 50 days
  • .
Product description

Atlantic cod collagen VERISOL F® contained in the formula are easily absorbed collagen peptides of fish origin. Regular supplementation can firm your skinóhand and slow down the ageing process. Your nails will become stronger and stop breaking. The addition of biotin will improve the condition of your hairów. The collagen portion is high enough to also have a good effect on your joints, muscles and bones.

Pros and cons

Atlantic cod collagen VERISOL F® contained in the formula are easily absorbed collagen peptides of fish origin. Regular supplementation can firm your skinóhand and slow down the ageing process. Your nails will become stronger and stop breaking. The addition of biotin will improve the condition of your hairów. The collagen portion is high enough to also have a good effect on your joints, muscles and bones.

Additional information

Atlantic cod collagen VERISOL F® contained in the formula are easily absorbed collagen peptides of fish origin. Regular supplementation can firm your skinóhand and slow down the ageing process. Your nails will become stronger and stop breaking. The addition of biotin will improve the condition of your hairów. The collagen portion is high enough to also have a good effect on your joints, muscles and bones.

Expert and user opinion

Atlantic cod collagen VERISOL F® contained in the formula are easily absorbed collagen peptides of fish origin. Regular supplementation can firm your skinóhand and slow down the ageing process. Your nails will become stronger and stop breaking. The addition of biotin will improve the condition of your hairów. The collagen portion is high enough to also have a good effect on your joints, muscles and bones.

DuoLife Collagen fish collagen 2500 mg

4.0
DuoLife Collagen fish collagen 2500 mg
  • Collagen content: 2500 mg collagen
  • Additional active ingredients: vitamin C, silicon, glucosamine, hyaluronic acid, nettle and bamboo extracts
  • Form: liquid to drink
  • .
  • Dose:25 ml
  • .
  • Sufficient for: 30 days
  • .
Product description

100% natural collagen liquid without unnecessary ingredientsós. The composition of ingredientsós improves the appearance and condition of skinóry, hairów, nails. DuoLife is a good choiceór if you notice the first signs of skinóry ageing or want to stop this process. A tasty liquid, convenient to use.

Pros and cons

100% natural collagen liquid without unnecessary ingredientsós. The composition of ingredientsós improves the appearance and condition of skinóry, hairów, nails. DuoLife is a good choiceór if you notice the first signs of skinóry ageing or want to stop this process. A tasty liquid, convenient to use.

Additional information

100% natural collagen liquid without unnecessary ingredientsós. The composition of ingredientsós improves the appearance and condition of skinóry, hairów, nails. DuoLife is a good choiceór if you notice the first signs of skinóry ageing or want to stop this process. A tasty liquid, convenient to use.

User review

100% natural collagen liquid without unnecessary ingredientsós. The composition of ingredientsós improves the appearance and condition of skinóry, hairów, nails. DuoLife is a good choiceór if you notice the first signs of skinóry ageing or want to stop this process. A tasty liquid, convenient to use.

Convenient form

Pharmovit liquid collagen 10000 mg

4.6
Pharmovit liquid collagen 10000 mg
Product description

A solid daily dose of collagen for jointómuscle and bone health and beauty. The duo of collagen and vitamin C has a positive effect on each other, so that „the protein of youth” is better absorbed and more efficiently produced in the body.

Pros and cons

A solid daily dose of collagen for jointómuscle and bone health and beauty. The duo of collagen and vitamin C has a positive effect on each other, so that „the protein of youth” is better absorbed and more efficiently produced in the body.

Additional information

A solid daily dose of collagen for jointómuscle and bone health and beauty. The duo of collagen and vitamin C has a positive effect on each other, so that „the protein of youth” is better absorbed and more efficiently produced in the body.

High dose

KFD Premium Collagen+

4.9
KFD Premium Collagen+
  • Collagen content: 12,440 mg of gelatin collagen hydrolysate
  • .
  • Additional active ingredients: vitamin C, vitamin D, MSM, hyaluronic acid, calcium, frankincense resin extract
  • Form: powder to be dissolved in water
  • .
  • Dose: 4 scoops (20 g) of powder daily
  • .
  • Sufficient for: 20 days
  • .
Product description

High dose of collagen and a real bomb of vitamins C and D and organic sulphur. With this preparation the effects will come immediately. You will improve the firmness of your skin and reduce wrinkles. Your hair and nails will be strong and shiny.

A generous dose of collagen will improve the mobility of your jointsós, benefit your bone system and muscles. Do you do sports and need a product thatós able to keep up with your needs? This product will do the trick.

Pros and cons

High dose of collagen and a real bomb of vitamins C and D and organic sulphur. With this preparation the effects will come immediately. You will improve the firmness of your skin and reduce wrinkles. Your hair and nails will be strong and shiny.

A generous dose of collagen will improve the mobility of your jointsós, benefit your bone system and muscles. Do you do sports and need a product thatós able to keep up with your needs? This product will do the trick.

Additional information

High dose of collagen and a real bomb of vitamins C and D and organic sulphur. With this preparation the effects will come immediately. You will improve the firmness of your skin and reduce wrinkles. Your hair and nails will be strong and shiny.

A generous dose of collagen will improve the mobility of your jointsós, benefit your bone system and muscles. Do you do sports and need a product thatós able to keep up with your needs? This product will do the trick.

Expert opinion

High dose of collagen and a real bomb of vitamins C and D and organic sulphur. With this preparation the effects will come immediately. You will improve the firmness of your skin and reduce wrinkles. Your hair and nails will be strong and shiny.

A generous dose of collagen will improve the mobility of your jointsós, benefit your bone system and muscles. Do you do sports and need a product thatós able to keep up with your needs? This product will do the trick.

Pork collagen

SFD Collagen Premium

4.2
SFD Collagen Premium
Product Description

SFD Collagen Premium is hydrolysed pork collagen with added ingredients that support joint health.

Pros and Cons

Pros:

  • Vitamin C supports the production of collagen by the body, enhancing its effectiveness.
  • High dose of collagen.
  • Tested composition.

Cons:

  • The manufacturer does not specify the source of the raw material.
  • Pork collagen does not guarantee the same bioavailability as fish collagen.

Collagen Reme

4.0
Collagen Reme
Product description

The dietary supplement from Remé contains beef collagen in a patented formula and vitamin C, whichóra aids its absorption. The formula comes in three flavours: neutral, orange-maracuja and strawberry-pomegranate. The formula can effectively support and improve the condition of the skinóry, hairóry and nails.

Pros and cons

The dietary supplement from Remé contains beef collagen in a patented formula and vitamin C, whichóra aids its absorption. The formula comes in three flavours: neutral, orange-maracuja and strawberry-pomegranate. The formula can effectively support and improve the condition of the skinóry, hairóry and nails.

Additional information

The dietary supplement from Remé contains beef collagen in a patented formula and vitamin C, whichóra aids its absorption. The formula comes in three flavours: neutral, orange-maracuja and strawberry-pomegranate. The formula can effectively support and improve the condition of the skinóry, hairóry and nails.

The dietary supplement from Remé contains beef collagen in a patented formula and vitamin C, whichóra aids its absorption. The formula comes in three flavours: neutral, orange-maracuja and strawberry-pomegranate. The formula can effectively support and improve the condition of the skinóry, hairóry and nails.

Product tiles contain affiliate links. As An Amazon Partner, I earn from qualifying purchases.

See also:

How to dose proline?

The dosage of proline depends on various factors such as health, age, lifestyle and diet. Typically, safe and effective doses of this amino acid range from 500 mg to 1,000 mg per day.

Remember, however, that there are no clearly established dosages for proline supplementation, so it is always advisable to consult a doctor or nutritionist who will be able to tailor the dosage to your individual needs and health status.

Supplementation of the diet with amino acids while trying to have a baby can help alleviate reproductive disorders and thus improve fertility. Proline plays an important role in regulating gene expression, protein synthesis and angiogenesis during pregnancy. However, this should always be consulted with your healthcare provider.
Ilona Krzak

Ilona Krzak Master of Pharmacy

Proline contraindications

Proline occurs naturally in the body, so most often its supplementation is safe and not associated with contraindications. Nevertheless, it is worth being careful and checking whether the following restrictions apply to you:

  • Kidney disease. People with kidney disease should be particularly careful with proline supplementation, as excess amino acids can stress the kidneys.
  • The following restrictions apply to proline supplementation.
  • Diseases liver. As with kidney disease, people with liver problems should consult their doctor before starting proline supplementation.
  • Metabolic disorders. Some metabolic disorders can cause problems with metabolising proline. People with such problems should avoid supplementation.
Proline can be 'fuel' for pathogenic microorganisms such as: Helicobacter pyloriStaphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The extra supply of proline can fuel the disease because the bacteria will have energy to act. This is important because Helicobacter pylori, or Staphylococcus aureus are quite common pathogens.
Ilona Krzak

Ilona Krzak Master of Pharmacy

See also:

Proline and L-proline - side effects

While proline occurs naturally in many foods and is safe for most people, its excessive supplementation can lead to some side effects. Possible side effects include:

  • Kidney problems. An excess of proline can stress the kidneys, leading to problems with kidney function.
  • Proline is not a good supplement.
  • Gastrointestinal disorders. Some people may experience gastrointestinal problems such as nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea while taking proline supplements.
  • Hypoglycaemia. Proline can lower blood sugar levels, leading to anxiety, sweating, tremors, dizziness and reduced appetite.

Expert opinions on proline: a doctor, a pharmacist and a clinical nutritionist

Proline supports the immune system response by promoting the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, increasing T-cell activity and reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Julia Skrajda

Julia SkrajdaDietitian

Proline together with hydroxyproline is the main structural component of the collagen helix. Without it, collagen production would not be possible in the body. Proline is an endogenous amino acid (the body produces it itself), so supplementation is usually unnecessary.
Dr Witold Tomaszewski.

Witold Tomaszewskidoctor of medical sciences

Proline is synthesised in the body. It is a component of collagen - it helps build it, just as glycine is an essential building block of tissues such as ligaments, tendons, cartilage or muscles. Proline has particular properties in relation to wound healing and the appearance of the skin - it promotes resilience, elasticity and luminosity of the complexion.
Julia Skrajda.

Julia SkrajdaDietitian

Proline, together with other amino acids, regulates metabolic pathways to promote health, growth and development, as well as lactation. Furthermore, proline helps to maintain the normal function of the nervous system.
Ilona Krzak

Ilona Krzak Master of Pharmacy

Because of their beneficial properties, many people choose to supplement glycine and proline separately, but it is worth noting that their effects are sort of indirect - collagen is responsible for everything, which supports just these amino acids. Therefore, the best solution if you want to support, for example, skin, hair, joints or nails, is to supplement with collagen rather than individual amino acids.

Julia Skrajda.

Julia SkrajdaDietitian

In in vitro studies, proline has an antioxidant effect and protects against the negative effects of free radicals.
Ilona Krzak.

Ilona Krzak Master of Pharmacy

Natu.Care Premium Collagen 5000 mg, strawberry-rhubarb

Discover the collagen that has become a daily staple for thousands of customers Premium Collagen 5000 mg, strawberry-rhubarb

 

Natu.Care Premium Collagen 5000 mg, strawberry-rhubarb

Premium Collagen 5,000 mg with a strawberry and rhubarb flavour that easily fits into your daily routine. Supports skin, hair and joints – and simply tastes great.

Scopri di più
Aleksandra K.
I've been using this collagen for 3 months and I'm delighted with the results – radiant, hydrated skin, faster-growing nails and hair, and the taste is delicious on top of that!
Aleksandra K.
Scopri di più

See also:

 

Summary

  • Proline is an endogenous protein amino acid.
  • There are two forms of proline: L-proline and D-proline, of which it is the former that is biologically active.
  • Proline is an amino acid.
  • Proline, among other things, supports protein structure, collagen production and the wound healing process.
  • Proline applications include, among others, dietary supplements and cosmetics.
  • Proline in food is found primarily in meat, fish and dairy products.
  • Proline deficiency is rare and does not have specific symptoms.
  • Proline deficiency is rare.
  • An excess of proline can be caused by metabolic disorders.
  • There is no specific dosage of proline.
  • Contraindications to the use of proline include kidney disease, liver disease and metabolic disorders.
  • Side effects of L-proline and proline include, for example, kidney problems, gastrointestinal disorders and hypoglycaemia.
  • Side effects of L-proline and proline include, for example, kidney problems, gastrointestinal disorders and hypoglycaemia.

FAQ

. What is proline responsible for? .

Proline plays a key role in shaping the structure of proteins. Due to its unique structure, it is mainly responsible for the formation of loops and protein turns, which has a direct impact on the shape and function of the overall protein molecule.

. Where is proline found? .

Proline is one of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids that are the building blocks of proteins. It is present in living organisms; it can be found in the proteins of plants, animals and humans. Proline helps form protein structures and is important for maintaining the integrity of collagen, a key protein for skin, bones, tendons and joints.

Proline is not localised to one specific site - it is widespread throughout the body in protein structures.

. How much proline to take daily? .

There is no universal recommended daily dose of proline. A suitable dose seems to be 500-1000 mg of proline per day. But it is always a good idea to consult your doctor or nutritionist before starting any supplementation to determine what dose will be safest and most effective for you.

. What does it mean proline? .

Proline is the English name for proline, an endogenous amino acid protein that is responsible for producing proteins and collagen in the body, as well as promoting wound healing.

. What are the side effects of taking proline? .

Proline is an amino acid that is naturally produced by the body, so it is generally safe to consume. Nevertheless, taking proline, as with all dietary supplements, can potentially lead to side effects, especially when taken in large quantities.

Potential side effects may include:

  • Gastrointestinal problems such as nausea, abdominal pain or diarrhoea.
  • Increased burden on the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Increased burden on the kidneys and liver due to the need to process the extra amino acid.
  • Possible imbalance of other amino acids in the body.
  • .
. Is proline an endogenous amino acid? .

Yes, proline is an endogenous amino acid. Endogenous amino acids are those that your body can produce on its own, so you don't necessarily need to provide them with food.

. What formula does proline have? .

Proline has the chemical formula C5H9NO2. Its uniqueness is due to the fact that it is the only amino acid whose side chain forms a ring by bonding directly to the nitrogen atom of the amino group. It thus forms a five-membered cyclic system of four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom.

Sources

. See all .

Christgen, S. L., & Becker, D. F. (2019). Role of Proline in Pathogen and Host Interactions. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling30(4), 683-709. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2017.7335

Doerfel, L. K., Wohlgemuth, I., Kothe, C., Peske, F., Urlaub, H., & Rodnina, M. V. (2013). EF-P Is Essential for Rapid Synthesis of Proteins Containing Consecutive Proline Residues. Science339(6115), 85-88. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1229017

Guo, S., & DiPietro, L. A. (2010). Factors Affecting Wound Healing. Journal of Dental Research89(3), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034509359125

Hayat, S., Hayat, Q., Alyemeni, M. N., Wani, A. S., Pichtel, J., & Ahmad, A. (2012a). Role of proline under changing environments. Plant Signaling & Behavior7(11), 1456-1466. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.21949

Karami, Z., & Akbari-adergani, B. (2019). Bioactive food derived peptides: A review on correlation between structure of bioactive peptides and their functional properties. Journal of Food Science and Technology56(2), 535-547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3549-4

Lachman, A. (2014). New developments in diagnosis and treatment update: Schizophrenia/first episode psychosis in children and adolescents. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health26(2), 109-124. https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2014.924416

Mathis, D., Beese, K., Rüegg, C., Plecko, B., & Hersberger, M. (2020). LC-MS / MS method for the differential diagnosis of treatable early onset inherited metabolic epilepsies. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease43(5), 1102-1111. https://doi.org/10.1002/jimd.12244

Mayneris-Perxachs, J., Castells-Nobau, A., Arnoriaga-Rodríguez, M., Martin, M., de la Vega-Correa, L., Zapata, C., Burokas, A., Blasco, G., Coll, C., Escrichs, A., Biarnés, C., Moreno-Navarrete, J. M., Puig, J., Garre-Olmo, J., Ramos, R., Pedraza, S., Brugada, R., Vilanova, J. C., Serena, J., ... Fernández-Real, J. M. (2022). Microbiota alterations in proline metabolism impact depression. Cell Metabolism34(5), 681-701.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2022.04.001

Mobasheri, A., Mahmoudian, A., Kalvaityte, U., Uzieliene, I., Larder, C. E., Iskandar, M. M., Kubow, S., Hamdan, P. C., de Almeida, C. S., Favazzo, L. J., van Loon, L. J. C., Emans, P. J., Plapler, P. G., & Zuscik, M. J. (2021). A White Paper on Collagen Hydrolyzates and Ultrahydrolyzates: Potential Supplements to Support Joint Health in Osteoarthritis? Current Rheumatology Reports23(11), 78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-021-01042-6

Nutrients | Free Full-Text | Enzymatic Hydrolysis of a Collagen Hydrolysate Enhances Postprandial Absorption Rate-A Randomized Controlled Trial. (n.d.). Retrieved 17 July 2023, from https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/5/1064

Phang, J. M., Liu, W., & Zabirnyk, O. (2010). Proline Metabolism and Microenvironmental Stress. Annual Review of Nutrition30(1), 441-463. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104638

Teymoori, F., Asghari, G., Farhadnejad, H., Nazarzadeh, M., Atifeh, M., Mirmiran, P., & Azizi, F. (2020). Various proline food sources and blood pressure: Substitution analysis. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition71(3), 332-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2019.1650004

Verslues, P. E., & Sharma, S. (2010). Proline Metabolism and Its Implications for Plant-Environment Interaction. The Arabidopsis Book2010(8). https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0140

Wu, G., Bazer, F. W., Burghardt, R. C., Johnson, G. A., Kim, S. W., Knabe, D. A., Li, P., Li, X., McKnight, J. R., Satterfield, M. C., & Spencer, T. E. (2011). Proline and hydroxyproline metabolism: Implications for animal and human nutrition. Amino Acids40(4), 1053-1063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-010-0715-z

Wu, G., Bazer, F. W., Davis, T. A., Kim, S. W., Li, P., Marc Rhoads, J., Carey Satterfield, M., Smith, S. B., Spencer, T. E., & Yin, Y. (2009). Arginine metabolism and nutrition in growth, health and disease. Amino Acids37(1), 153-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-008-0210-y

Jelonek, L. (2023). Collagen. Everything you need to know (B. Turczynski, ed.; 1st ed.). Natu.Care. https://books.google.com/books?vid=9788396887801

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Editorials

Meet the team
Ludwik Jelonek - Author

Natu.Care Editor

Ludwik Jelonek

Ludwik Jelonek is the author of more than 2,500 texts published on leading portals. His content has found its way into services such as Ostrovit and Kobieta Onet. At Natu.Care, Ludwik educates people in the most important area of life - health.

Ilona Bush - Reviewed by

Master of Pharmacy

Ilona Bush
Verified by an expert

Ilona Krzak obtained her Master of Pharmacy degree from the Medical University of Wrocław. She did her internship in a hospital pharmacy and in the pharmaceutical industry. She is currently working in the profession and also runs an educational profile on Instagram: @pani_z_apteki

Bart Turczynski - Edited by

Editor-in-Chief

Bart Turczynski

Bart Turczynski is the editor-in-chief of Natu.Care. He is responsible for the quality of the content created on Natu.Care, among others, and ensures that all articles are based on sound scientific research and consulted with industry specialists.

Emilia Moskal - Fact-checking

Natu.Care Editor

Emilia Moskal

Emilia Moskal specialises in medical and psychological texts, including content for medical entities. She is a fan of simple language and reader-friendly communication. At Natu.Care, she writes educational articles.

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