Is there pharmaceutical-grade collagen drug that requires a prescription?

Find out if collagen comes in the form of a medicine.

TekstEmilia Moskal

Tekst

Emilia Moskal

Natu.Care Editor

Emilia Moskal specialises in medical and psychological texts, including content for medical entities. She is a fan of simple language and reader-friendly communication. At Natu.Care, she writes educational articles.

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RecenzjaMargaret Bekier

Verified by an expert

Recenzja

Margaret Bekier

Master of Pharmacy

She graduated in 2021 in pharmacy from the Medical University of Poznan and is currently in the process of completing her PhD combining pharmacy and diabetology. She educates online about insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, treatment of diabetes of all types and prevention. She encourages (if possible) prevention rather than cure.

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RedakcjaBart Turczynski

Redakcja

Bart Turczynski

Editor-in-Chief

Bart Turczynski is the editor-in-chief of Natu.Care. He is responsible for the quality of the content created on Natu.Care, among others, and ensures that all articles are based on sound scientific research and consulted with industry specialists.

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Fact-checkingLudwik Jelonek

Fact-checking

Ludwik Jelonek

Natu.Care Editor

Ludwik Jelonek is the author of more than 2,500 texts published on leading portals. His content has found its way into services such as Ostrovit and Kobieta Onet. At Natu.Care, Ludwik educates people in the most important area of life - health.

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Is there pharmaceutical-grade collagen drug that requires a prescription?

12 September, 2024

Recenzja15 June, 2023

Redakcja30 June, 2023

Fact-checking12 June, 2023

Learn more about our editorial process

12 min

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You want to take collagen in its most effective form, and you've heard that if something is going to be effective, it should be a drug. So you are looking for a collagen cure and...

Nothing. All the preparations you find are described as a dietary supplement. So why not go to a pharmacy or ask your doctor for some prescription collagen? Don't waste your time on that. I'll explain why below.

From this article you will learn:

Whether collagen comes in the form of a drug.
Whether collagen comes in the form of a drug.
Which collagen is the most effective.
What is the benefit of collagen supplementation.
What is the benefit of collagen supplementation?

See also:

Which collagen is a medicine and not a supplement?"

Want a collagen drug and not a supplement? Unfortunately, there is no oral collagen in drug form on the Polish market. All available collagens are dietary supplements or medical devices. The exceptions are some topical collagen preparations in the form of injections. They can only be administered by a doctor for the treatment of certain musculoskeletal conditions.

What is the difference between a medicine and a dietary supplement?

A medicinal product contains substances that treat a disease, serve to diagnose or calm its symptoms. The function of a dietary supplement, on the other hand, is to supplement nutritional deficiencies.

A preparation that is a medicine must be registered with the Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices and Biocidal Products.

The drug should also meet strict quantitative and qualitative standards, backed by studies and the relevant authorisation. This process is expensive and lengthy.

For dietary supplements, it is sufficient to notify the Chief Sanitary Inspector of the marketing of the dietary supplement and provide a draft labeland.

What is a medical device?

Medical devices are a very broad group of products: from bandages, rehabilitation equipment to software for monitoring health parameters (e.g. blood sugar levels). Recently, more and more orally ingested products have been appearing in this category.

A medical device is a product between a drug and a dietary supplement. Although it is much easier to market than a medicine, its properties are supervised by the State Pharmaceutical Inspectorate and the Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices and Biocidal Products. You can recognise a medical device by the CE (Conformité Européenne) mark on the packaging.

Is collagen for joints a medicine?

Collagen can help treat joint-related ailments such as joint pain and stiffnessand. However, if we are talking about preparations containing collagen, even those dedicated to joints are not registered as medicines. When you buy collagen for joints, you are buying a dietary supplement or a medical device.

See also:

Collagen after 60

Is collagen an over-the-counter medicine?

The medicines you can buy without a prescription are OTC (over-the-counter drugs). However, they are still preparations that are registered as medicinal products and must meet strict legal requirements.

Collagen supplements, although you can buy them without a prescription, are not OTC medicines. They are food products. However, this does not mean that collagen supplements do not work. Taking them can help you:

reduce the appearance of wrinkles,
improve the condition of your hair,
strengthen nails,
reduce joint stiffness and pain,
provide better recovery after training,

Best collagen on the market - ranking

There are dietary supplements on the market prepared with the utmost care and attention to composition and active ingredients. See what we used to guide us in selecting the most powerful collagens:

Criteria:

Dose of collagen - too low a dose will be ineffective, aim for 2.5-15 grams,
Information about its form - in this list you will only find hydrolysates of collagen, the form that is best absorbed into the body,
Source of collagen - whether the product comes from fish, poultry, cows or other animals,
Purity and simplicity of composition - no unnecessary fillers or notations that are hard to decipher,
Taste - it's easier to supplement with a specification that is tasty, simple. Here you can see the full criteria.

Our ranking winner for the best collagen on the market can only be one: Natu.Care Premium Collagen. It has a high dose, excellent absorption and the best collagen in the form of hydrolysate, derived from the skin of deep-sea cod - a fish that inhabits the cleanest waters in Europe.

Best overall

Natu.Care Collagen Premium 5000 mg, mango-maracuja

5.0

Collagen content: 5000 mg marine collagen hydrolysate
.
Additional active ingredients: vitamin C, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (and L-theanine and coenzyme Q10 in cocoa flavoured collagen or vitamin A and vitamin E in mango–passion fruit flavoured collagen)
.
Form: powder sachets
.
Dose: 1 sachet per day
.
Sufficient for: 30 days
.

See price

Product description

Fish collagen from the Natu.Care brand in a dose of 5000 mg. The formula contains a sufficient portion of the active substance to positively affect your joints, musculoskeletal system and immunity.

Take care of your tendons, joint cartilage, ligaments, muscles and even bones by supplying them with the building blocks to function properly. Move without bólu and provide the necessary support for any physical activity.

And as a „gratis” to regular supplementation, you will also receive firm skinóhand, healthy and shiny hair and strong nails.

Natu.Care Premium Collagen is available in two flavours – Cacao Bloom and Rise&Shine. Both formulas are based on the following active ingredients: marine collagen hydrolysate, wild roseóbud extract and hyaluronic acid.

Additionally, Cacao Bloom contains natural L-theanine, coenzyme Q10 and defatted Dutch cacao. Rise&Shine instead contains vitamin E and vitamin A.

These are the best collagens in the world.

These best fish collagens on the market also rós taste – Cacao Bloom is a treat for chocolate lovers. Rise&Shine will appeal to those whoóenjoy the refreshing taste of mangoófruit and passion fruit.

Pros and cons

Fish collagen from the Natu.Care brand in a dose of 5000 mg. The formula contains a sufficient portion of the active substance to positively affect your joints, musculoskeletal system and immunity.

And as a „gratis” to regular supplementation, you will also receive firm skinóhand, healthy and shiny hair and strong nails.

Additionally, Cacao Bloom contains natural L-theanine, coenzyme Q10 and defatted Dutch cacao. Rise&Shine instead contains vitamin E and vitamin A.

These are the best collagens in the world.

Additional information

Fish collagen from the Natu.Care brand in a dose of 5000 mg. The formula contains a sufficient portion of the active substance to positively affect your joints, musculoskeletal system and immunity.

And as a „gratis” to regular supplementation, you will also receive firm skinóhand, healthy and shiny hair and strong nails.

Additionally, Cacao Bloom contains natural L-theanine, coenzyme Q10 and defatted Dutch cacao. Rise&Shine instead contains vitamin E and vitamin A.

These are the best collagens in the world.

User review

Fish collagen from the Natu.Care brand in a dose of 5000 mg. The formula contains a sufficient portion of the active substance to positively affect your joints, musculoskeletal system and immunity.

And as a „gratis” to regular supplementation, you will also receive firm skinóhand, healthy and shiny hair and strong nails.

Additionally, Cacao Bloom contains natural L-theanine, coenzyme Q10 and defatted Dutch cacao. Rise&Shine instead contains vitamin E and vitamin A.

These are the best collagens in the world.

Best for joints

Natu.Care Collagen Premium 10000 mg, cherry

5.0

Collagen content: 10,000 mg of hydrolyzed bovine collagen
Additional active ingredients: vitamin C, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid, glucosamine, chondroitin, extract of Indian frankincense resin (boswellia serrata)
Form: powder sachets for drinking
Serving: 1 sachet per day
Lasts for: 30 days

See price

Product description

One of the strongest collagens on the market, providing as much as 10,000 mg per daily serving. This product can effectively support the condition of joints, skin, hair, and nails.

With this supplement, you will support your skeletal and joint system as well as your beauty, helping you visually halt the aging process and feel rejuvenated!

Pros and cons

Pros:

The daily portion of collagen is very large – as much as 10,000 mg.
Proven collagen formula – COLLinstant, whose effectiveness has been confirmed in clinical studies.
Effective dose of hyaluronic acid, which additionally moisturizes the skin and positively affects joint health.
Vitamin C supports the body's natural collagen production.
Glucosamine is a fundamental building block of compounds found in joint cartilage and a component of collagen that gives elasticity to connective tissue in tendons.
Chondroitin is a natural component found in the human body, mainly in cartilage. This large molecule (mucopolysaccharide) has the ability to absorb water, which helps maintain the elasticity and resilience of cartilage.
Frankincense resin extract supports blood circulation and joint mobility and reduces their stiffness. It may help alleviate inflammatory conditions.
The composition has been tested by the independent and accredited J.S. Hamilton laboratory.

Cons:

None.

Additional information

Users praise Natu.Care Collagen Premium for the easy dissolving of the powder.

Refreshing taste

Natu.Care Collagen 3000 mg, various flavours

4.7

Collagen content: 3000 mg collagen hydrolysate fish
Additional active ingredients: vitamin C
Form: powder
Dose: 1.5 scoops per day
Sufficient for: 30 days
Available flavours: orange, raspberry-cranberry, blackcurrant and flavourless variant (without added vitamin C)

See price

Product description

Dietary supplement in a highly bioavailable form of hydrolysed collagen SeaGarden fish®. This formula has high bioavailability– youróbody will use collagen faster and more efficiently where you need it most.

A 3,000 mg serving of collagen benefits your hair, skinóhand and nails, as well as the functioning of your jointsómuscles and bones. The action of collagen is complemented by vitamin C, whichóra supports the natural production of the youth protein in the body and also helps with its absorption. It is also a great anti-ageing antioxidant.

Natu.Care's Collagen 3000 mg is available in three fruit flavours (orange, raspberry-cranberry, blackcurrant) and a flavourless variant. The powder dissolves very well, does not form lumps in the liquid and you can add it to your favourite yoghurt, oatmeal or smoothie.

Pros and cons

Pros:

Fish collagen in the SeaGarden® formula is highly bioavailable, so your body absorbs and utilizes it faster and more effectively.
Regular supplementation positively impacts skin, hair, and nails, and supports the musculoskeletal system.
The composition has been tested by the independent and accredited J.S. Hamilton laboratory.
The product is certified for sustainable fishing practices.
Vitamin C in the formula supports the body’s natural collagen production, enhancing its effects.
The collagen contains no unnecessary additives like artificial colorings or flavors. All ingredients are naturally sourced.
Available in three refreshing, fruity flavors or a flavorless option.

Cons:

None.

Additional information

The collagen powder has excellent solubility.

The collagen is sweetened with steviol glycosides from stevia, which are natural, safe, and suitable for diabetics.

Pure collagen

Natu.Care Collagen 3000 mg, tasteless

4.6

Collagen content: 3000 mg collagen hydrolysate fish
Additional active ingredients: none
.
Form: powder
.
Dose: one scoop per day
.
Sufficient for: 30 days
.

See price

Product description

The dietary supplement contains only pure fish collagen in the formula SeaGarden®. This Norwegian collagen is characterised by its purity and high bioavailability, which means that youróy body will utilise the collagen faster and more effectively.

Regular supplementation fish collagen benefits hair, skinóhand and nails and supports joints, muscles and bones. It improves the appearance of the skinóry and slows down its ageing, giving it a healthy glow.

Natu.Care Collagen 3000 mg has a neutral taste, dissolves well, does not form lumps in liquid and you can add it to your drink, yoghurt or smoothie.

Pros and cons

Natu.Care Collagen 3000 mg has a neutral taste, dissolves well, does not form lumps in liquid and you can add it to your drink, yoghurt or smoothie.

Additional information

Natu.Care Collagen 3000 mg has a neutral taste, dissolves well, does not form lumps in liquid and you can add it to your drink, yoghurt or smoothie.

Aura Herbals Colladrop Forte

4.5

Collagen content: 10,000 mg sea collagen
Additional active ingredients: vitamin C and coenzyme Q10
Form: sachets of powder
Dosage: one sachet per day
Sufficient for: 30 days

See price

Product description

A dietary supplement containing fish collagen for drinking in a high dose of 10,000 mg hydrolysate. It also offers you additional health and beauty benefits thanks to its coenzyme Q10 and vitamin C content. Supplementation with collagen can improve the appearance of your skinóskin, hairónails and improve the function of your jointsómuscles and bones.

Pros and cons

Additional information

SOLVE LABS Collagen Peptides

4.2

Collagen content: 6000 mg hydrolyzed beef collagen type I and III COLLinstant®
Additional active ingredients: hyaluronic acid
Form: powder
Dose: one scoop (6 g) daily
Sufficient for: 30 days

See price

Product description

High quality hydrolysate of bovine collagen (types I and III). A daily portion will support jointóry, bone and muscle health. It will also contribute to the quality and appearance of your skinóry and support its regeneration. You will feel the moisturising properties on soft hair and see them on a nice nail plate.

Pros and cons

Additional information

User review

Sundose° Daily Mobility°

4.1

Collagen content: 5000 mg collagen hydrolysate PEPTAN®
Additional active ingredients: hyaluronic acid, calcium, omega-3 acids (EPA + DHA), vitamin C, vitamin D3, magnesium
Form: powder sachets + capsules
Dose: one sachet + one capsule daily
Sufficient for: 30 days

See price

Product description

Daily Mobility is an optimally composed formula for people who want to take care of their musculoskeletal system. The main role in it is played by patented collagen type I PEPTAN® in the form of well-absorbable collagen peptides fish, as well as hyaluronic acid, calcium, magnesium, vitamins D and C, and omega-3 acids.

The combination of ingredients supports the regeneration and maintenance of bone, joint and muscle health.

Pros and cons

The combination of ingredients supports the regeneration and maintenance of bone, joint and muscle health.

Additional information

The combination of ingredients supports the regeneration and maintenance of bone, joint and muscle health.

User review

The combination of ingredients supports the regeneration and maintenance of bone, joint and muscle health.

Marine collagen

Pharmovit Natural Wild Cod Collagen

4.1

Collagen content: 5000 mg of hydrolysate fish collagen
Additional active ingredients: vitamin C (L–ascorbic acid)
Form: powder
Dose: 2 teaspoons (approx. 5 g)
Sufficient for: 20 days

See price

Product description

Pharmovit Natural Wild Cod Collagen is a product for adults wishing to supplement their diet with natural collagen, whichós responsible for, among other things, the health of jointsós, muscles and bones. Particularly recommendedólly for people who are very physically active.

Pros and cons

Additional information

The best beef collagen

ALLDEYNN Collarose 5000 mg

4.4

Collagen content: 5000 mg bovine collagen hydrolysate VERISOL B®
Additional active ingredients: vitamin C, hyaluronic acid, biotin
Form: powder to dissolve in water
Dose: one scoop (6 g) of powder daily
Sufficient for: 50 days

See price

Product description

Regular drinking hydrolysed bovine collagen supports the proper functioning of the musculoskeletal system – muscles, bones and jointsów. Collagen can increase mobility in joints, reduce ból complaints and support post-workout recovery. In addition, it has a positive effect on the appearance and condition of skinóry, hairów and nails.

Pros and cons

Additional information

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See also:

Collagen types

Collagen can be divided according to its type and source of origin.

Types of collagen

The compounds that we classify as collagens (collagen proteins) differ in structure. Each contains slightly different amino acids and, depending on this, is classified as a specific type of collagenand. There are as many as 28 types in our body , but the key ones are:

Collagen type 1 - is the most common type of collagen in the human body and makes up about 90% of the collagen in skin, bones, tendons and ligaments. It is an essential component of the skin's extracellular matrix, or its building blockand.
Collagen type 2 - is the main component of joint cartilage and is responsible for its mechanical properties .
Collagen type 3 - is found in the skin, blood vessels and internal organs .

Sources of collagen

Collagen is a zoonotic product and is not found in plants. For dietary supplements, it is most commonly extracted from fish and other sea creatures (sea collagen) or from chickens, cows and pigsand.

Fish-derived collagen is most similar in structure to that found in the human bodyand. This is why fish collagen (English) marine collagen) is considered the best absorbed.

See also:

Properties of collagen

Collagen is an essential component of connective tissue, as well as skin, bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage and blood vesselsand. It could be said to be their main building block.

When the amount of collagen protein decreases in the body (and this happens after the age of 25), the skin and tissues start to sag and collapse. Instead, joint surfaces lose the lubrication and glide necessary for proper function. These are the most common symptoms of collagen deficiency.

A dietary supplement should not replace proper diet and eating habits. Unfortunately, for various reasons, it is not always possible to provide all the necessary ingredients. Then it is worth considering individually tailored supplementation.

Malgorzata Bekierpharmacist

Interesting facts

Collagen as a medical device is also available as a delivery or subcutaneous injection. Collagen in this form must be administered by a doctor.

It is worth knowing that type 1 and type 2 collagens are sensitive to the presence vitamin C, which stimulates their synthesis and secretion. This is why the best supplements with collagen contain added vitamin C.

What does collagen help with?

Collagen helps with joint problems. It removes their stiffness and aids their regeneration. Delays the ageing process by filling the skin from within (with oral supplementation). Benefits bone health and the cardiovascular system. It also helps to maintain shiny hair and strong nails.

See also:

Grandmother's ways for joints

Effects of collagen supplementation

By taking collagen supplements, you will ensure a visible improvement in the appearance of your skin. You will prevent the formation of wrinkles and noticeably reduce the appearance of those that have already appeared. By working naturally from within, your skin will become firm and smoothand.

Collagen can help you fight joint pain. As well as making sure that cartilage is filled and elastic, it is also involved in the production of joint lubricant. It prevents the joint surfaces from rubbing against each otherand. This will increase the fluidity of your movements and the unpleasant jarring in your knees will cease.

Collagen is the basic component of the connective tissue of which our skin is made up. Its proper nutrition and condition also affects epidermal creations such as hair and nails. By supplementing collagen, you prevent thinning of your hair and keep it soft and shiny. You also improve the elasticity of the nail plate and prevent it from breaking and splitting.

See also:

Contraindications to taking collagen

Collagen is the natural building block of your body. It has been thoroughly researched and found to be safe. Despite this, there are contraindications to the use of collagen and. These are:

allergies to products from which collagen is derived,
gastrointestinal problems,
diseases of the liver and kidneys,
autoimmune diseases,
taking certain medications,

Collagen supplementation should also not be used by pregnant and lactating womenand.

If you are in any doubt about whether you can take collagen, consult your doctor or pharmacist.

See also:

Summary

There is no collagen registered as a medicine on the Polish market. All preparations are dietary supplements or medical devices.
When choosing a product for yourself, pay attention to the dose of collagen in a daily serving, its form and the source from which it is extracted.
The most important types of collagen are the following.
The most important types of collagen for our bodies are types 1, 2 and 3.
Fish collagen in the form of hydrolysate is best absorbed.
Collagen supports joint function, skin appearance and has a positive effect on the circulatory system.

FAQ

Which collagen medicine is best?

There is no collagen under the form of a medicine, i.e. a registered medicinal product with the appropriate authorisation. All collagen preparations are dietary supplements.

The best choices are those containing 5,000-10,000 mg collagen hydrolysate, sourced from marine sources. Such products are best absorbed and give the best supplementation.

Which collagen is the healthiest?

Which collagen turns out to be the healthiest for you depends on the effects you want to achieve. If you are looking to support your joints, look for products containing 1 and 2 types of collagen. If you want to improve the condition of your skin, choose type 1. Invest in products with collagen hydrolysate, as this is the best absorbed form.

Which collagen is the best absorbed?

According to research, the best absorbed for the human body is fish collagen in hydrolysate form. Collagen of marine origin has a similar structure to that found in our body.

Through the process of hydrolysis, the large collagen molecules are broken down into smaller - collagen peptides, therefore collagen hydrolysate is better absorbed into the body.

Do dietary supplements work?

Dietary supplements work and can have different effects on health, depending on their composition and dosage. Supplementation can be beneficial to our bodies in case of deficiencies vitamins and minerals. However, it is important not to exceed the maximum daily servings of active ingredients and not to replace a properly balanced diet with supplements.

Is collagen over-the-counter?

Yes, preparations with collagen can be purchased without a prescription as they are dietary supplements. A prescription is only needed to purchase some products registered as medicines.

Does collagen exist as a medicine?

No, collagens available on the Polish market do not exist as a medicinal product. All collagen preparations are dietary supplements, i.e. food products - according to the Act on Health Conditions of Food and Nutrition.

What are the benefits of taking collagen?

Taking collagen can help you improve the function of your joints: reducing their stiffness and improving their mobility. It will also benefit the appearance of skin: shallowen wrinkles and prevent the formation of new ones. It will restore firmness and a radiant complexion. Collagen also has a positive effect on the circulatory system, muscles and bones.

Sources

See all

Bojarowicz, H., & Dźwigulska, P. (2012). Dietary supplements. Part I. Dietary supplements versus drugs - comparison of legal requirements. http://www.h-ph.pl/pdf/hyg-2012/hyg-2012-4-427.pdf

Collagen Type 2-An overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/collagen-type-2

Collagen Type 3-An overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/collagen-type-3

Davidson, J. M., LuValle, P. A., Zoia, O., Quaglino, D., & Giro, M. (1997). Ascorbate Differentially Regulates Elastin and Collagen Biosynthesis in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Skin Fibroblasts by Pretranslational Mechanisms *. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272(1), 345-352. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.1.345

de Miranda, R. B., Weimer, P., & Rossi, R. C.. (2021). Effects of hydrolyzed collagen supplementation on skin aging: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Dermatology, 60(12), 1449-1461. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15518

Evans, M., Lewis, E. D., Zakaria, N., Pelipyagina, T., & Guthrie, N. (2020). A randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study to evaluate the efficacy of a freshwater marine collagen on skin wrinkles and elasticity. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13676

Itakura, H., Kishi, S., Kotajima, N., & Murakami, M. (2009). Decreased Vitreal Hyaluronan Levels with Aging. Ophthalmologica, 223(1), 32-35. https://doi.org/10.1159/000165682

Jokinen, J., Dadu, E., Nykvist, P., Käpylä, J., White, D. J., Ivaska, J., Vehviläinen, P., Reunanen, H., Larjava, H., Häkkinen, L., & Heino, J. (2004). Integrin-mediated Cell Adhesion to Type I Collagen Fibrils *. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(30), 31956-31963. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M401409200

Kim, D. U., Chung, H. C., Choi, J., Sakai, Y., & Lee, B. Y. (2018). Oral Intake of Low-Molecular-Weight Collagen Peptide Improves Hydration, Elasticity, and Wrinkling in Human Skin: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070826

Lu, Z., Doulabi, B. Z., Huang, C., Bank, R. A., & Helder, M. N. (2010). Collagen Type II Enhances Chondrogenesis in Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells by Affecting Cell Shape. Tissue Engineering Part A, 16(1), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0222

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Schauss, A. G., Stenehjem, J., Park, J., Endres, J. R., & Clewell, A. (2012). Effect of the novel low molecular weight hydrolyzed chicken sternal cartilage extract, BioCell Collagen, on improving osteoarthritis-related symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(16), 4096-4101. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf205295u

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